As far as i can tell the classic adventuring party comes from pen and paper games where it normally isn't just the DM/GM and a single player (i.e. only a single player character).
The presence of multiple players and player lead to several things and among them character based storylines and differentiated roles.
Those two things don't move well to single-character computer games. You have to cut back on some things.
For the character based storylines the cut-back is built in, there is only one character and even that one can't really have a background since it isn't fully created by the player. (There could be a set of backgrounds to chose from, but again those would only be chosen by the player, not created.)
The cutback on differentiated roles are also somewhat built in. In a party of six (the usual size for a party in computer games as far as i can tell) there might be 6 different classes including:
a rogue/thief (disarm traps and pick locks)
a priest/paladin (heal and cure diseases/curses)
a knight (negate and deal damage)
a barbarian (deal a lot of damage)
In a single character game you either have to let the character be able to do all these himself/herself at master level or force them to chose between things such as fighting better and being able to pick locks.
party based games might also have a larger group to chose from such as in Dragon Age where it story-wise is a party of a dozen individuals traveling together. The problem with this as far as i'm concerned is that you miss about half the interaction between characters. And this does not add replay-value, only annoyance value. Furthermore, why split the group up if there is only one thing being done at a time? (Not that such an easy solution as having there always be 2 things needing doing at the same time would fix it.)
Another problem with party-based games is that you have to switch characters when different challenges come up. To me this disrupts the gameplay, which should be avoided.
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